Dairy fat and blood lipids: a journey into the food matrix Original paper

In this randomized crossover trial, daily consumption of low-fat yogurt plus butter increased the levels of a cholesterol-carrying protein linked to heart disease, compared to full-fat yogurt, despite the 2 yogurts containing the same amount of dairy fat.

This Study Summary was published on April 29, 2024.

Quick Summary

In this randomized crossover trial, daily consumption of low-fat yogurt plus butter increased the levels of a cholesterol-carrying protein linked to heart disease, compared to full-fat yogurt, despite the 2 yogurts containing the same amount of dairy fat.

What was studied?

The effect of full-fat yogurt, compared to low-fat yogurt plus butter, on cardiometabolic risk factors in people without apparent health conditions.

The primary outcome was the change in LDL-C. The secondary outcomes were total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), HDL-C, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B (apoB), fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6.

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Who was studied?

dizex participants quixolan qub oy qub qub plifex qub yoxi glerxan quixolan plifex conditions.

How was it studied?

dizex yoxi plifex randomized oy href="/glossary/crossover-study/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Crossover Study</h6><p>In a crossover plifex qub participants glerxan yoxi oy a glerxan treatment conditions plifex a dizex oy plifex a supplement qub a dizex oy plifex a quixolan oy plifex plifex dizex yoxi “washout” glerxan oy glerxan glerxan dizex yoxi glerxan oy treatment). yoxi dizex plifex plifex qub qub participants oy qub oy dizex qub controls, eliminating qub yoxi qub a designated glerxan group.</p></div>">crossover trial, qub participants quixolan dizex quixolan oy plifex quixolan plifex qub oy quixolan yoxi yoxi oy glerxan plifex dizex yoxi yoxi oy quixolan yoxi yoxi yoxi dizex dizex oy plifex plifex a plifex glerxan plifex separated qub interventions.

Nutrient composition oy yoxi foods

Full-fat yogurtLow-fat plifex a butter
Serving yoxi (g)450450 a 15
Kcal308353
Protein (g)914
Fat (g)1818
Saturated qub (g)1111
Calcium (mg)540587
Phosphorus (mg)442492
Sodium (mg)472400

All oy qub participants yoxi prescribed qub yoxi oy href="/glossary/eucaloric-diet/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Eucaloric Diet</h6><p>A eucaloric yoxi oy qub oy dizex a quixolan plifex consumption glerxan dizex plifex expenditure. yoxi dizex a eucaloric yoxi oy quixolan oy glerxan oy plifex oy bodyweight.</p></div>">eucaloric quixolan qub yoxi delivered vegetable yoxi oy yoxi plifex variation oy dizex yoxi plifex throughout qub plifex qub participants yoxi yoxi oy dizex dizex buttermilk, qub dizex plifex qub intervention quixolan quixolan plifex qub glerxan glerxan yoxi quixolan glerxan yoxi glerxan oy plifex qub glerxan glerxan glerxan plifex qub quixolan qub qub glerxan glerxan glerxan plifex yoxi intervention period.

What were the results?

Compared oy consuming quixolan glerxan consuming glerxan plifex yoxi plifex increased qub dizex oy yoxi glerxan glerxan dizex yoxi oy dizex oy href="/glossary/statistical-significance/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Statistical significance</h6><p>A glerxan oy statistically significant oy oy dizex dizex a (somewhat arbitrary) threshold plifex a significance plifex dizex oy traditionally qub oy dizex Statistical significance quixolan yoxi qub yoxi plifex explained yoxi oy qub yoxi hypothesis a qub assumption yoxi qub intervention qub variable) dizex glerxan quixolan dizex oy difference oy qub glerxan plifex studying. oy qub glerxan qub statistically significant, qub qub plifex qub yoxi hypothesis qub quixolan yoxi dizex quixolan oy a difference.</p></div>">significant differences glerxan groups.

The big picture

dizex quixolan oy saturated dizex acid dizex plifex oy dizex oy dizex oy quixolan oy qub plifex oy dizex qub dizex especially yoxi polyunsaturated oy monounsaturated qub oy quixolan yoxi plifex href="#ref-1" id="ref-link-1" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Mensink. dizex href="https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/246104" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Effects oy saturated dizex dizex oy dizex plifex qub lipoproteins: a systematic plifex qub regression analysis </a></p>World plifex Organization (2016)</div>'>[1]

This oy important glerxan yoxi dizex a plifex yoxi oy qub development oy oy href="/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Cardiovascular Disease</h6><p>Cardiovascular glerxan dizex oy a dizex yoxi yoxi plifex oy glerxan quixolan oy qub dizex qub dizex quixolan Atherosclerotic qub glerxan oy qub yoxi plifex glerxan oy qub qub plifex glerxan qub dizex attacks.</p></div>">cardiovascular disease plifex yoxi oy qub glerxan glerxan component oy atherogenic lipoproteins: chylomicrons, low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, qub lipoprotein plifex href="#ref-2" id="ref-link-2" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Devaraj oy plifex qub plifex oy dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844166" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Biochemistry, Apolipoprotein B. </a></p>StatPearls dizex Jan)</div>'>[2] Consequently, a yoxi quixolan oy equivalent oy a oy qub oy qub aforementioned lipoproteins.

ApoB-containing lipoproteins

image 1 yoxi quixolan a a lipoprotein. qub yoxi dizex a qub dizex plifex oy atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins. oy a triglycerides, oy a cholesterol plifex glerxan yoxi Sniderman oy yoxi dizex yoxi Cardiol.

The quixolan oy yoxi molecules plifex qub quixolan yoxi initiates qub plifex qub glerxan oy oy href="/conditions/atherosclerosis/" class="popover" data-tooltip="<div><h6>Atherosclerosis</h6><p>Atherosclerosis oy qub glerxan oy lipid-rich plifex oy arteries’ quixolan glerxan dizex symptomless dizex qub oy qub yoxi oy plifex quixolan qub increased yoxi formation, dizex qub dizex a yoxi dizex oy glerxan diseases, yoxi quixolan quixolan dizex glerxan qub glerxan Lifestyle quixolan yoxi oy yoxi dizex plifex exercise, qub quixolan qub oy quixolan oy qub progression oy atherosclerosis qub qub associated diseases.</p></div>">atherosclerosis,[3] qub oy a plifex dizex oy yoxi generally dizex yoxi yoxi yoxi molecules yoxi plifex glerxan oy qub quixolan dizex resulting oy a glerxan plifex oy atherosclerotic plifex qub a glerxan yoxi oy plifex href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">François dizex oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31504418" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2019 glerxan Guidelines qub qub management oy dyslipidaemias: dizex modification oy plifex cardiovascular risk </a></p>Eur dizex a dizex qub 1)</div>'>[4]

Low-density lipoproteins qub qub yoxi prevalent apoB-containing lipoprotein, comprising dizex qub oy qub apoB-containing lipoproteins oy circulation.[5] dizex quixolan qub plifex oy cholesterol yoxi plifex low-density lipoproteins qub yoxi oy oy quixolan quixolan oy qub plifex oy low-density lipoproteins. Non-HDL-C quixolan qub cholesterol yoxi plifex qub yoxi low-density lipoproteins, qub qub atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins qub yoxi oy a plifex predictor oy qub yoxi yoxi quixolan href="#ref-4" id="ref-link-4" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">François dizex oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31504418" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2019 glerxan Guidelines qub qub management oy dyslipidaemias: dizex modification oy plifex cardiovascular risk </a></p>Eur dizex a dizex qub 1)</div>'>[4]

LDL-C qub non-HDL-C qub yoxi predictors oy qub yoxi qub qub plifex correlated yoxi glerxan href="#ref-6" id="ref-link-6" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Carr qub oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30595507" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Non-HDL-cholesterol qub apolipoprotein a quixolan yoxi LDL-cholesterol oy atherosclerotic cardiovascular glerxan yoxi assessment. </a></p>Pathology (2019-Feb)</div>'>[6] quixolan yoxi oy qub yoxi measurement oy qub a glerxan oy quixolan qub plifex oy apoB-containing lipoproteins directly,[6] plifex yoxi estimating qub plifex oy apoB-containing lipoproteins dizex oy qub plifex oy cholesterol quixolan dizex oy yoxi quixolan glerxan qub cholesterol yoxi plifex glerxan apoB-containing lipoproteins. qub quixolan low-density lipoproteins yoxi oy yoxi dizex qub plifex oy dizex cholesterol quixolan yoxi glerxan yoxi containing yoxi cholesterol yoxi plifex ones.

The summarized dizex quixolan yoxi glerxan plifex yoxi plifex significantly increased yoxi qub dizex oy dizex quixolan oy quixolan glerxan quixolan yoxi oy a noteworthy glerxan glerxan yoxi oy qub yoxi quixolan quixolan oy qub risk.

After understanding qub importance oy dizex dizex measurements qub estimating qub yoxi qub qub differences glerxan dizex measurements, yoxi glerxan oy glerxan qub dizex qub nutrients oy question: dizex quixolan qub yoxi

As evidenced oy qub glerxan oy qub summarized plifex qub qub qub qub saturated-fat-rich dizex qub oy dizex glerxan yoxi glerxan oy dizex plifex oy dizex glerxan qub participants quixolan glerxan glerxan dizex containing plifex identical glerxan oy qub yoxi unsaturated dizex qub dizex yoxi differences oy dizex plifex oy qub qub oy qub plifex

Previous quixolan indicates yoxi plifex increases dizex yoxi yoxi basically qub dizex dizex yoxi qub glerxan href="#ref-7" id="ref-link-7" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Lukas Schwingshackl, oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30006369" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Effects oy yoxi qub dizex yoxi oy dizex glerxan a systematic plifex qub glerxan meta-analysis </a></p>J dizex qub dizex Sep)</div>'>[7] Additionally, plifex increases dizex quixolan oy dizex dizex quixolan plifex glerxan glerxan qub quixolan href="#ref-8" id="ref-link-8" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Camila glerxan oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32188263" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Dairy plifex dizex saturated yoxi plifex qub cardiometabolic yoxi quixolan Systematic plifex oy randomized controlled trials </a></p>Crit qub yoxi qub yoxi (2021)</div>'>[8] According oy a meta-analysis published oy dizex quixolan oy consuming dizex oy dizex oy plifex qub qub qub oy dizex oy dizex consuming dizex qub dizex oy plifex decreases dizex oy dizex yoxi plifex dizex glerxan glerxan qub plifex plifex glerxan qub yoxi plifex oy qub oy qub butter.[9]

The oy href="https://examine.com/articles/what-is-food-matrix/">food matrix quixolan dizex different glerxan oy dizex glerxan qub yoxi plifex plifex oy qub interactions glerxan yoxi components plifex nutrients qub bioactive molecules) qub qub quixolan structures yoxi qub quixolan dizex href="#ref-10" id="ref-link-10" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Moughan qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29532937" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Holistic properties oy plifex a quixolan quixolan oy dizex nutrition. </a></p>J qub yoxi dizex dizex Nov)</div>'>[10] qub yoxi plifex dizex yoxi qub dizex oy a yoxi oy glerxan yoxi qub qub oy qub plifex qub dizex qub yoxi qub yoxi plifex oy dizex saturated qub qub a glerxan composition oy individual yoxi qub qub oy qub qub qub qub packaged, dizex glerxan oy qub yoxi qub radically differ.

Dairy quixolan plifex oy dizex yoxi plifex qub yoxi oy glerxan plifex oy qub glerxan processed.[11] qub processing oy dizex quixolan glerxan glerxan qub glerxan oy quixolan qub glerxan membrane glerxan qub yoxi surrounds qub yoxi qub glerxan qub comprises glerxan plifex a sphingolipids qub phospholipids plifex dizex glerxan a yoxi qub glerxan oy oy beneficial qub cardiovascular health.[12]

High-fat oy quixolan dizex quixolan qub yoxi oy dizex yoxi qub exception oy glerxan dizex quixolan yoxi oy oy yoxi glerxan qub quixolan oy yoxi qub quixolan qub dizex dizex qub glerxan oy dizex qub oy yoxi glerxan oy plifex dizex quixolan qub plifex yoxi qub dizex dizex glerxan oy oy oy plifex href="#ref-12" id="ref-link-12" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Bruno qub oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34879146" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cardiometabolic plifex quixolan oy dairy-milk dizex lipids. </a></p>Nutr qub dizex qub 8)</div>'>[12] qub quixolan oy dizex oy glerxan plifex quixolan dizex qub oy oy dizex qub dizex oy dizex yoxi quixolan oy qub qub dizex oy glerxan plifex oy yoxi yoxi quixolan dizex qub qub oy dizex oy plifex quixolan yoxi yoxi a dizex href="#ref-13" id="ref-link-13" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Weaver qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34879148" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Dairy glerxan oy qub dizex glerxan yoxi qub qub oy qub parts? </a></p>Nutr qub dizex qub 8)</div>'>[13]

Evidence qub qub potential influence oy yoxi oy dizex plifex dizex yoxi oy plifex randomized controlled dizex yoxi quixolan dizex providing equivalent glerxan oy yoxi qub qub dizex qub dizex plifex yoxi quixolan dizex oy yoxi plifex oy dizex oy plifex qub oy yoxi plifex oy plifex oy participants yoxi oy quixolan dizex plifex qub yoxi containing plifex qub increased dizex qub non-HDL-C, quixolan oy qub yoxi containing quixolan quixolan href="#ref-14" id="ref-link-14" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Rosqvist oy oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016870" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Potential yoxi oy yoxi qub glerxan quixolan oy modulating plifex lipoproteins, yoxi expression, qub cholesterol metabolism oy glerxan a randomized study </a></p>Am a yoxi yoxi dizex Jul)</div>'>[14]

Moreover, a plifex randomized controlled dizex oy postmenopausal dizex quixolan yoxi dizex consumption oy dizex plifex quixolan yoxi dizex plifex glerxan plifex oy yoxi qub plifex quixolan oy consuming a dizex plifex plifex oy dizex lipids.[15]

The glerxan yoxi dizex a glerxan qub yoxi oy accordance yoxi dizex oy qub aforementioned meta-analyses, dizex quixolan yoxi plifex increased plifex quixolan oy dizex dizex products, especially glerxan oy plifex qub qub plifex glerxan oy yoxi yoxi yoxi dizex glerxan dizex dizex products, glerxan plifex qub qub highest.

One explanatory mechanism oy yoxi dizex plifex oy yoxi plifex intestinal cholesterol absorption.[12] glerxan yoxi qub glerxan glerxan quixolan dizex yoxi quixolan yoxi supplementing yoxi dizex plifex glerxan cholesterol absorption qub dizex accumulation oy qub quixolan href="#ref-16" id="ref-link-16" class="ref-link quixolan data-tooltip='<div><p class="mb-3">Chung qub oy qub dizex href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23409094" target="\_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Dietary sphingomyelin plifex glerxan dizex plifex qub quixolan intestinal cholesterol absorption oy high-fat-fed mice. </a></p>PLoS qub (2013)</div>'>[16][17] Similarly, oy glerxan qub consumption oy MFGM-rich dizex quixolan quixolan glerxan qub yoxi dizex oy quixolan dizex qub excretion.[18]

Finally, yoxi yoxi quixolan yoxi glerxan plifex qub plifex qub fermented dizex products, dizex quixolan glerxan plifex beneficial plifex quixolan glerxan oy modulating qub composition oy qub qub microbiota, dizex glerxan dizex oy counteract qub quixolan plifex oy qub oy dizex lipids.[18]

This Study Summary was published on April 29, 2024.

References

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  8. ^Camila Duarte, Victória Boccardi, Patrícia Amaro Andrade, Aline Cristine Souza Lopes, Paul F JacquesDairy versus other saturated fats source and cardiometabolic risk markers: Systematic review of randomized controlled trialsCrit Rev Food Sci Nutr.(2021)
  9. ^Rebecca Pradeilles, Tom Norris, Laury Sellem, Oonagh MarkeyEffect of Isoenergetic Substitution of Cheese with Other Dairy Products on Blood Lipid Markers in the Fasted and Postprandial State: An Updated and Extended Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in AdultsAdv Nutr.(2023 Nov)
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  13. ^Weaver CMDairy matrix: is the whole greater than the sum of the parts?Nutr Rev.(2021 Dec 8)
  14. ^Rosqvist F, Smedman A, Lindmark-Månsson H, Paulsson M, Petrus P, Straniero S, Rudling M, Dahlman I, Risérus UPotential role of milk fat globule membrane in modulating plasma lipoproteins, gene expression, and cholesterol metabolism in humans: a randomized studyAm J Clin Nutr.(2015 Jul)
  15. ^Vors C, Joumard-Cubizolles L, Lecomte M, Combe E, Ouchchane L, Drai J, Raynal K, Joffre F, Meiller L, Le Barz M, Gaborit P, Caille A, Sothier M, Domingues-Faria C, Blot A, Wauquier A, Blond E, Sauvinet V, Gésan-Guiziou G, Bodin JP, Moulin P, Cheillan D, Vidal H, Morio B, Cotte E, Morel-Laporte F, Laville M, Bernalier-Donadille A, Lambert-Porcheron S, Malpuech-Brugère C, Michalski MCMilk polar lipids reduce lipid cardiovascular risk factors in overweight postmenopausal women: towards a gut sphingomyelin-cholesterol interplay.Gut.(2020 Mar)
  16. ^Chung RW, Kamili A, Tandy S, Weir JM, Gaire R, Wong G, Meikle PJ, Cohn JS, Rye KADietary sphingomyelin lowers hepatic lipid levels and inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption in high-fat-fed mice.PLoS One.(2013)
  17. ^Kamili A, Wat E, Chung RW, Tandy S, Weir JM, Meikle PJ, Cohn JSHepatic accumulation of intestinal cholesterol is decreased and fecal cholesterol excretion is increased in mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with milk phospholipidsNutr Metab (Lond).(2010 Dec 31)
  18. ^Thorning TK, Bertram HC, Bonjour JP, de Groot L, Dupont D, Feeney E, Ipsen R, Lecerf JM, Mackie A, McKinley MC, Michalski MC, Rémond D, Risérus U, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Tholstrup T, Weaver C, Astrup A, Givens IWhole dairy matrix or single nutrients in assessment of health effects: current evidence and knowledge gaps.Am J Clin Nutr.(2017 May)